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To learn more about the history of Christmas in America:

•Stephen Nissenbaum, The Battle for Christmas (New York: Vantage, 1997).

•Penne L. Restad, Christmas in America: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

To read "A Visit from St. Nicholas":

•www.lnstar.com/mall/main-areas/Night_B_Xmas.html

Bank of the united states 1840 note learn more about the history of obsolete paper currency in America:

•Winthrop S. Boggs, Ten Decades Ago, 1840-1850: A Study of the Work of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson of New York City(State College, Penn.: American Philatelic Society, 1949).

•William H. Griffiths, The Story of the American Bank Note Company (New York: n.p., 1959).

•James A. Haxby, A Standard Catalog of United States Obsolete Bank Notes, 1782-1866,4 vols. (Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 1988).

•Virginia Hewitt, ed., The Banker's Art: Studies on Paper Money (London: The British Bank of the united states 1840 note, 1995).

organizations, large and small, spend a lot of time thinking about leadership and team building. for the right reasons. treat your employees well, coach and mentor them, and they will treat your customers well in return. companies like chick-fil-a and marriott international have cultures that focus on the well-being of employees and are known to have lower staff turn-over and happier customers.

what often gets lost in the discussion about leadership, is the importance of creativity. here are 5 ways creativity is essential to your business.

in 1944, the outlook for italy’s piaggio looked grim. their plant had been destroyed by bombing, the italian economy was in disarray and the roads in italy were in such bad conditions, automobile travel was difficult. faced with these challenges, piaggio engineers looked for a creative way to allow the masses to get around…the vespa scooter was born.

arts do not have a monopoly on creativity. there is creativity in science, in engineering, in business. creativity makes you look for answers beyond the known spectrum, it makes you take the road less travelled. along this road, sometime lies opportunity. encourage creativity in your business, in your operations, at head office, in the field, at all levels, and let the opportunities take shape and bubble up to the surface.

dyson did not set out to make yet another vacuum cleaner, another fan, or another hair dryer. it set out to make something radically better. in the words of jake dyson, who invented a light future that burns for 40 years before it needs to be replaced:

“improve the way everyday products work […] develop intelligent machines that solve problems and support your well-being.” – jake dyson

creativity is a competitive advantage. why would i buy a regular fan, when i can buy one that is quiet, safe and looks amazing? i will even pay 2 to 3 times more for a fan that was creatively engineered. unleash creativity, it will transform your business.

i love reading about failure. i really do. not because i take satisfaction in anyone’s failure, but because i accept metcalf banking at home as necessary. google has a long documented “graveyard” of failed products.  so does amazon. yet, a graveyard of creative products is necessary. the impetus to experiment is necessary and underpins the creative process. without the creative energy that went into creating failed products like google glass or google+, we wouldn’t have gmail, android or waze.

in the long run, a brand cannot sustain itself on one or two hits, no matter how big. a brand sustains itself from the sustained desire to innovate, to apply creativity, to build the “next big thing”. your business is just the same. create and experiment. show your customers new ideas or a new approach. try. misses are the necessary price you pay for the occasional hit and for long term sustainability.

growing up in paris, france, i was often puzzled by the impracticality of some designer clothing from the big fashion houses of paris. who actually wears this? as it turns out, not everything on display is there to be bought or worn. some pieces are just statements. they create a halo effect for the designer or the brand, who is then able to sell more pragmatic (and more affordable) pieces to more people. the car industry does this too. ford does regions com login online banking make money on the gt40 but how many cars has ford sold because it has inspired car fans with the gt40 or its performance at le mans?

the point is not to regard the output of creative ventures solely from the standpoint of returns. creativity creates a halo effect, that is brand-building and pays long term dividends on  how customers perceive your brand.

i opened the post with the premise that happy employees make happy customers. according to a study by the journal of positive psychology, engaging in creative activities contributes to an “upward spiral” of positive emotions and psychological well-being. people like to create! they like to build new things, to contribute. a culture that embraces creativity is a culture that embraces humanity, and people’ natural aspirations to be creative.

creativity is inherently imperfect, unpredictable and somewhat random. here is a mental exercise. sit back in your chair and be creative for 10 minutes! come on, think of something new! [10 minutes later]. did that work? probably not. you cannot force creativity; it will come when the right moment comes. it could be triggered by an experience, a moment when you are not “working”, a song, even a dream. you need to accept it and embrace it. you cannot measure creativity, nor can you make it a target (creativity kpi…#fail). however, when it does come, it can be transformative.

buy discount online Bank of the United States Bank Note 1840 reproduction $1，000，000 2ct Sale

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1. The Constitution only authorized the federal government to issue coins, not paper money.

Article One of the Constitution granted the federal government the sole power “to coin money” and “regulate the value thereof.” However, it said nothing about paper money. This was largely because the founding fathers had seen the bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the American Revolution—called “continentals”—become virtually worthless by the end of the war. The implosion of the continental eroded faith in paper currency to such an extent that the Constitutional Convention delegates decided to remain silent on the issue.

2. Prior to the Civil War, banks printed paper money.

For America’s first 70 years, private entities, and not the federal government, issued paper money. Notes printed by state-chartered banks, which could be exchanged for gold and silver, were the most common form of paper currency in circulation. From the founding of the United States to the passage of the National Banking Act, some 8,000 different entities issued currency, which created an unwieldy money supply and facilitated rampant counterfeiting. 

By establishing a single national currency, the National Banking Act eliminated the overwhelming variety of paper money circulating throughout the country and created a system of banks chartered by the federal government rather than by the states. The law also assisted the federal government in financing the Civil War.

3. Foreign coins were once acceptable legal tender in the United States.

Before gold and silver were discovered in the West in the mid-1800s, the United States lacked a sufficient quantity of precious metals for minting coins. Thus, a 1793 law permitted Spanish dollars and other foreign coins to be part of the American monetary system. Foreign coins were not banned as legal tender until 1857.

4. The highest-denomination note ever printed was worth $100,000.

The largest bill ever produced by the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing was the $100,000 gold certificate. The currency notes were printed between December 18, 1934, and January 9, 1935, with the portrait of President Woodrow Wilson on the front. Don’t ask your bank teller for a $100,000 bill, though. The notes were never circulated to the public and were used solely for transactions among Federal Reserve banks.

The $10,000 bill is the highest denomination ever circulated by the federal government. In spite of its value, it is adorned not with a portrait of a president but with that of Salmon P. Chase, treasury secretary at the time of the passage of the National Banking Act. Chase later served as chief justice of the Supreme Court. 

The federal government stopped producing the $10,000 bill in 1969 along with these other high-end denominations: $5,000 (fronted by James Madison), $1,000 green dot moneypak social security number by Grover Cleveland) and $500 (fronted by William McKinley). (Although rare to find in your wallet, $2 bills are still printed periodically.)

The Confederacy issued paper money worth approximately $1 billion during the Civil War—more than twice the amount circulated by the United States. While it’s not surprising that Confederate President Jefferson Davis and depictions of slaves at work in fields appeared on some dollar bills, so too did two Southern slave-holding presidents whom Confederates claimed as their own: George Washington (on a $50 and $100 bill) and Andrew Jackson (on a $1,000 bill).

7. Your house may literally have been built with old money.

When dollar bills are taken out of circulation or become worn, they are shredded by Federal Reserve banks. In some cases, the federal government has sold the shredded currency to companies that can recycle it and use it for the production of building materials such as roofing shingles or insulation. (The Bureau of Engraving and Printing also sells small souvenir bags of shredded currency that was destroyed during the printing process.)

8. The $5 bill has the shortest lifespan of any denomination.

According to the Federal Reserve, the estimated lifespan of a $5 bill is 4.7 years. The estimated lifespans of a $10 and $1 bill are 5.3 bank of the united states 1840 note and 6.6 years, respectively. The highest estimated lifespan is for a $100 bill at nearly 23 years. The federal government reports that approximately 4,000 double folds (forward, then backward) are required to tear a note.

Beyond Face Value: Depictions of Slavery in Confederate Currency.http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/BeyondFaceValue/index.htm.  Leah Wood Jewett, Project Director. U.S. Civil War Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Image from Confederate Currency. Source: Beyond Face Value.

Image from currency issued by the Traders Bank of Richmond, VA. Source: Beyond Face Value.

Collectors will enjoy and appreciate this site far more than historians. The sections of text dealing with the notes themselves are much more detailed than those describing the historical contexts in which they were issued. Although students may not be aware of antebellum currency and banking practices—which are adequately if somewhat awkwardly described in The Collection section—historians and most chase mobile banking login of the interested public will already be aware of the fluid and even chaotic use of paper currency before and during the Civil War.

Selection from Images section of Beyond Face Value.

Close-up image from 1862 Mississipi $50 bill. From Beyond Face Value.

The captions hint at the history behind these notes. One learns of the Civil War-era "100-cent" note that was regularly cut in half and circulated as fifty cent notes. White people appear on several samples, including another war-time note that shows a woman peering out to sea, waiting for her husband or father to return; the caption connects this image to conventional representations of sea-faring throughout the

Close-up image from State of Louisiana, Shreveport and Houston Railway Company, $1000 gold bond, 1884. From Beyond Face Value.

In the final analysis, this is by its very nature an interesting site—simply designed and attractive. But it is far more valuable in what it tells users interested in the currency of the era—especially collectors—than it is as a Civil War site, for it tells us little about the history of that bank of the united states 1840 note or its legacies.

James Marten
Marquette University